import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.TreeMap;

/**
 *  The {@code BarChart} class represents a library for drawing static bar chart.
 *  It supports adding a bar (with a specified name, value, and category) and
 *  drawing all of the bars to the screen using standard draw.
 *  The bars are drawn horizontally (in the order in which they are added from
 *  top to bottom) and colored according to the category.
 *  The name and value of the bar and drawn with the bar.
 *
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 *
 */
public class BarChart {

    // color palette for bars
    private static final Color[] COLORS = initColors();

    private final String title;               // bar chart title
    private final String xAxisLabel;          // x-axis label
    private final String dataSource;          // data source
    private String caption;                   // caption
    private TreeMap<String, Color> colorOf;   // map category to color
    private ArrayList<String> names;          // list of bar names
    private ArrayList<Integer> values;        // list of bar values
    private ArrayList<Color> colors;          // list of bar colors
    private boolean isSetMaxValue = false;
    private int maxValue = 0;

    /**
     * Creates a new bar chart with the given title, x-axis label, and data source.
     *
     * @param title the title
     * @param xAxisLabel the x-axis label
     * @param dataSource the source of the data
     */
    public BarChart(String title, String xAxisLabel, String dataSource) {
        if (title == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("name is null");
        if (xAxisLabel == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("x-axis label is null");
        if (dataSource == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("data source is null");
        this.title = title;
        this.xAxisLabel = xAxisLabel;
        this.dataSource = dataSource;
        colorOf = new TreeMap<String, Color>();
        reset();
    }

    // initialize the colors
    private static Color[] initColors() {

        // 12 colors from http://colorbrewer2.org/#type=qualitative&scheme=Set3&n=12
        String[] hex12 = {
            "#80b1d3", "#fdb462", "#b3de69", "#fccde5",
            "#8dd3c7", "#ffffb3", "#bebada", "#fb8072",
            "#d9d9d9", "#bc80bd", "#ccebc5", "#ffed6f"
        };

        // 20 colors from https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/schemes/
        // replaced #d62728 with #d64c4c
        String[] hex20 = {
            "#aec7e8", "#c5b0d5", "#c49c94", "#dbdb8d", "#17becf",
            "#9edae5", "#f7b6d2", "#c7c7c7", "#1f77b4", "#ff7f0e",
            "#ffbb78", "#98df8a", "#d64c4c", "#2ca02c", "#9467bd",
            "#8c564b", "#ff9896", "#e377c2", "#7f7f7f", "#bcbd22", 
        };

        // use 20 colors
        Color[] colors = new Color[hex20.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < hex20.length; i++)
            colors[i] = Color.decode(hex20[i]);
        return colors;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum x-value of this bar chart (instead of having it set automatially).
     * This method is useful if you know that the values stay within a given range.
     *
     * @param maxValue the maximum value
     */
    public void setMaxValue(int maxValue) {
        if (maxValue <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("maximum value must be positive");
        this.isSetMaxValue = true;
        this.maxValue = maxValue;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the caption of this bar chart.
     * The caption is drawn in the lower-right part of the window.
     *
     * @param caption the caption
     */
    public void setCaption(String caption) {
        if (caption == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("caption is null");
        this.caption = caption;
    } 

    /**
     * Adds a bar to the bar chart.
     * The length of a bar is proportional to its value.
     * The bars are drawn from top to bottom in the order they are added.
     * All bars from the same category are drawn with the same color.
     *
     * @param name     the name of the bar
     * @param value    the value of the bar
     * @param category the category of bar
     */
    public void add(String name, int value, String category) {
        if (name == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("name is null");
        if (category == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("category is null");
        if (value <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("value must be positive");

        if (!colorOf.containsKey(category)) {
            colorOf.put(category, COLORS[colorOf.size() % COLORS.length]);
        }
        Color color = colorOf.get(category);
        names.add(name);
        values.add(value);
        colors.add(color);
    } 

    /**
     * Removes all of the bars from this bar chart (but keep the color scheme).
     * This method is convenient when drawing an animated bar chart.
     */
    public void reset() {
        names = new ArrayList<String>();
        values = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        colors = new ArrayList<Color>();
        caption = "";
    } 

    // compute units (multiple of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, ...)
    // so that between 4 and 8 axes labels
    private static int getUnits(double xmax) {
        int units = 1;
        while (Math.floor(xmax / units) >= 8) {
            // hack to identify 20, 200, 2000, ...
            if (units % 9 == 2)  units = units * 5 / 2;
            else                 units = units * 2;
        }
        return units;
    }

    /**
     * Draws this bar chart to standard draw.
     */
    public void draw() {
        // nothing to draw
        if (names.isEmpty()) return;

        // leave room for at least 8 bars
        int numberOfBars = Math.max(8, names.size());

        // set the scale of the coordinate axes
        double xmax = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
        for (int value : values) {
            if (value > xmax) xmax = value;
        }
        if (isSetMaxValue) xmax = maxValue;

        StdDraw.setXscale(-0.01 * xmax, 1.2 * xmax);
        StdDraw.setYscale(-0.01 * numberOfBars, numberOfBars * 1.25);

        // draw title
        StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.BLACK);
        StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 24));
        StdDraw.text(0.6 * xmax, numberOfBars * 1.2, title);

        // draw x-axis label
        StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.GRAY);
        StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 16));
        StdDraw.textLeft(0, numberOfBars * 1.10, xAxisLabel);

        // draw axes
        int units = getUnits(xmax);
        StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 12));
        for (int unit = 0; unit <= xmax; unit += units) {
            StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.GRAY);
            StdDraw.text(unit, numberOfBars * 1.02, String.format("%,d", unit));
            StdDraw.setPenColor(new Color(230, 230, 230));
            StdDraw.line(unit, 0.1, unit, numberOfBars * 1.0);
        }

        // draw caption
        StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.LIGHT_GRAY);
        if      (caption.length() <= 4) StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 100));
        else if (caption.length() <= 8) StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 60));
        else                            StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 40));
        StdDraw.textRight(1.15 * xmax, 0.2 * numberOfBars, caption);

        // draw data source acknowledgment
        StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.LIGHT_GRAY);
        StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
        StdDraw.textRight(1.14 * xmax, 0.1 * numberOfBars, dataSource);

        // draw bars
        for (int i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
            String name = names.get(i);
            int value = values.get(i);
            Color color = colors.get(i);
            StdDraw.setPenColor(color);
            StdDraw.filledRectangle(0.5 * value, numberOfBars - i - 0.5, 0.5 * value, 0.4); 
            StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.BLACK);
            int fontSize = (int) Math.ceil(14 * 10.0 / numberOfBars);
            StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, fontSize));
            StdDraw.textRight(value - 0.01 * xmax, numberOfBars - i - 0.5, name);
            StdDraw.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, fontSize));
            StdDraw.setPenColor(StdDraw.DARK_GRAY);
            StdDraw.textLeft(value + 0.01 * xmax, numberOfBars - i - 0.5, String.format("%,d", value));
        }
    }

    // sample client 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // create the bar chart
        String title = "The 10 most populous cities";
        String xAxis = "Population (thousands)";
        String source = "Source: United Nations";
        BarChart chart = new BarChart(title, xAxis, source);
        chart.setCaption("2018");

        // add the bars to the bar chart
        chart.add("Tokyo",       38194, "East Asia");
        chart.add("Delhi",       27890, "South Asia");
        chart.add("Shanghai",    25779, "East Asia");
        chart.add("Beijing",     22674, "East Asia");
        chart.add("Mumbai",      22120, "South Asia");
        chart.add("São Paulo",   21698, "Latin America");
        chart.add("Mexico City", 21520, "Latin America");
        chart.add("Osaka",       20409, "East Asia");
        chart.add("Cairo",       19850, "Middle East");
        chart.add("Dhaka",       19633, "South Asia");

        // draw the bar chart
        StdDraw.setCanvasSize(1000, 700);
        StdDraw.enableDoubleBuffering();
        chart.draw();
        StdDraw.show();
    }
}